Based on serum test results showing low serum iron concentration and high total iron-binding capacity, what type of anemia does the patient most likely have?

The patient is most likely experiencing iron deficiency anemia, as indicated by the low serum iron concentration and high total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). In iron deficiency anemia, there is a decrease in available iron for hemoglobin synthesis, leading to reduced serum iron. Since the body recognizes the deficiency, it increases TIBC in an attempt to capture more iron from the diet.

In contrast, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anemias typically present with normal or elevated iron levels, as they relate to the availability of these specific vitamins rather than iron. Hemolytic anemia is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells, which typically does not correlate with low serum iron and high TIBC, as the body often responds with increased iron release from destroyed red blood cells. These specific laboratory findings are hallmark signs of iron deficiency anemia, confirming that the diagnosis is correct.